f682aff184 ^ PUB (Singapore National Water Agency)(2011). Types of pre-thickeners include centrifugal sludge thickeners[33] rotary drum sludge thickeners and belt filter presses.[34][35][36] Dewatered sludge may be incinerated or transported offsite for disposal in a landfill or use as an agricultural soil amendment. The outlet of the Karlsruhe sewage treatment plant flows into the Alb. (1999)."The Historical Development of Wet-Weather Flow Management." US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These pumps are often referred to as Internal Mixed Liquor Recycle (IMLR) pumps. Over time, different treatment configurations have evolved as denitrification has become more sophisticated. Some sewage treatment systems in Canada and the US also use UV light for their effluent water disinfection.[20][21]. In Isfahan, Iran's third largest city, sewage treatment was started more than 100 years ago. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone generation equipment and the requirements for special operators.
Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. increase free ammonia and nitrate decrease and albuminoid ammonia increases . Ozone can also be applied as an oxidative method.[25] Also the use of enzymes such as the enzyme laccase is under investigation.[26] A new concept which could provide an energy-efficient treatment of micropollutants could be the use of laccase secreting fungi cultivated at a wastewater treatment plant to degrade micropollutants and at the same time to provide enzymes at a cathode of a microbial biofuel cells.[27] Microbial biofuel cells are investigated for their property to treat organic matter in wastewater.[28]. EPA. 40 (17): 51725180. Main article: Secondary treatment. PMC3264106. ^ Epidemics, demonstration effects, and municipal investment in sanitation capital.
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